The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region. Advances such as writing, epigraphy, and the calendar did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be detected from Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and to as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km (625 miles) from the Maya area.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_civilisation. In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya used a base 20 (vigesimal) and base 5 numbering system (see Maya numerals). Also, the preclassic Maya and their neighbors independently developed the concept of zero by 36 BC.Inscriptions show them on occasion working with sums up to the hundreds of millions and dates so large it would take several lines just to represent it. They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to those of any other civilization working from naked eye observation.[citation needed]

Norse mythology

                                               Norse mythology




Most of the existing records on Norse mythology date from the 11th to 18th century, having gone through more than two centuries of oral preservation in what was at least officially a Christian society. At this point scholars started recording it, particularly in the Eddas and the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, who believed that pre-Christian deities trace real historical people.

According to Norse myth, the beginning of life was fire and ice, with the existence of only two worlds: Muspelheim and Niflheim. When the warm air of Muspelheim hit the cold ice of Niflheim, the jotunn Ymir and the icy cow Audhumla were created. Ymir's foot bred a son and a man and a woman emerged from his armpits, making Ymir the progenitor of the Jotnar.

The Germanic tribes rarely or never had temples in a modern sense. The Blot, the form of worship practiced by the ancient Germanic and Scandinavian people, resembled that of the Celts and Balts. It occurred either in sacred groves, at home, or at a simple altar of piled stones known as a "horgr."

While a kind of priesthood seems to have existed, it never took on the professional and semi-hereditary character of the Celtic druidical class. This was because the shamanistic tradition was maintained by women, the Volvas. It is often said that the Germanic kingship evolved out of a priestly office.

The Germanic gods have left numerous traces in modern vocabulary and elements of every day western life in most Germanic language speaking countries. An example of this is some of the names of the days of the week: modelled after the names of the days of the week in Latin (named after Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn), the names for Tuesday through to Friday were replaced with Germanic equivalents of the Roman gods and the names for Monday and Sunday after the Sun and Moon. In English, Saturn was not replaced.

Wong joon mien

5generosity

Ancient Japan (Syafiqah and Nabilah)

Japan:

Jimmu, the first emperor, founded the Japan state in 660BC.The first people to migrate of Japan probably arrived around 8000BC.
Japanese Gods and Goddesses:

Aji-Suki-Taka-Hi-Kone: god of thunder
Uke-Mochi-No-Kami: goddess of food
Kawa-no-Kami: god of rivers
Bishamon: god of happiness and war

Japanese Food:

Combining staple foods typically rice or noodles, with soup and okazu - dishes made from fish, meat, vegetable, tofu and the like-to add flavour to the staple food is the Japanese cuisine. The essential part of Japanese cuisine usually noodles.

Japanese Clothing:

Robes were mainly the ancient Japanese clothing. Quite a number of the patterns and designs were religious and auspicious. The emperors wore these heavily embroidered robes. It was auspicious for the wearer. Ju-ni-hitoe or the 'twelve layers' is  the most interesting piece of ancient Japanese clothing whish is adorned by ladies at the imperial court. It is multi-layered and very heavy and worn on a daily basis for centuries!

Ancient Rome(Shean Shing&Jolene)

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea, it became one of the largest empires in the ancient world..
The Eastern Roman Empire, which was governed from Constantinople, comprising Greece, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, survived this crisis. Despite the later loss of Syria and Egypt to the Arab-Islamic Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire continued for another millennium, until its remains were finally annexed by the emerging Turkish Ottoman Empire. This eastern, Christian, medieval stage of the Empire is usually called the Byzantine Empire by historians.
Roman civilization is often grouped into "classical antiquity" with ancient Greece, a civilization that inspired much of the culture of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology, religion, and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today.

Mayan-Chong En Qing

Mayan God and Goddess
Gukumatz was a god of the four elements of fire, earth, air and water, and each element was associated with a divine animal or plant:

• Air -- Vulture
• Earth -- Maize
• Fire -- Lizard
• Water -- Fish

Other Mayan God and Goddess are:

• Chac
• Another Sun God - Kinich Ahau or Ahaw Kin
• Yumil Kaxob
• Yum Cimil
• Ixtab
• Yum Kaax
• Ix Chel
• Ixbalanque

Taken From: http://www.crystalinks.com/mayangods.html


Mayan Lanuguage


Like the other Mayan languages, Classic Maya is Verb Subject Object and ergative in its basic typology. Being polysynthetic, it uses both prefixes and suffixes to show grammatical function. Nouns are not inflected for case or gender. There is also an entire class of intransitives that convey the object's spatial position. In addition, the language employs counter words when quantifying nouns and uses a vigesimal number system. Verbs are not conjugated according to tense, but rather are semantically altered by a series of aspect particles.


Taken From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_language

Ancient Australia ( Ryan )

  In Ancient Australia, the first people to live in Australia arrived between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. They came from Asia and had dark skin and black hair. Most of them were hunters and nomadic. this meant they moved from place to place and didnt live at a certain city There awere two main types of people living in Australia - the Aborigines and the Torres Strait Islanders. Together they are callled Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders lived in north-east and the Aborigines lived everwhere other then that.  They lived in separate tribes and each tribe had its own language and taditions. They also knew that families were very important. The Indigenous Australians believed that everything hd come from Dreamtime and that the Earth was sacred. They believed that spirits had made the world. they practiced their religon in the form of corroborees, these were important dances and songs about their religon. They worshipped many kinds of gods. The Aboriginal people did not know writing but they painted pictures on rocks and back. They used paint from crushed rocks similar to how the POW's of Singapore got paint. Their art is famous for using dots and handprints

Egyptian Civilization (Oo Guoxuan and Brandon Tan)

  Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their dwellings were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of bricks made from mud designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for milling flour and a small oven for baking bread. Walls were painted white and could be covered with dyed linen wall hangings. Floors were covered with reed mats, while wooden stools, beds raised from the floor and individual tables comprised the furniture.
The ancient Egyptians placed a great value on hygiene and appearance. Most bathed in the Nile and used a pasty soap made from animal fat and chalk. Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness, and aromatic perfumes and ointments covered bad odors and soothed skin. They made clothing from simple linen sheets that were bleached white, and both men and women of the upper classes wore wigs, jewelry, and cosmetics. Children went without clothing until maturity, at about age 12, and at this age males were circumcised and had their heads shaved. Mothers take care of the children, while the father provided the family's income.
 
Music and dance were popular entertainments for those who could afford them. Early instruments included flutes and harps, while instruments similar to trumpets, oboes, and pipes developed later and became popular. In the New Kingdom, the Egyptians played on bells, cymbals, tambourines, and drums and imported lutes and lyres from Asia. The sistrum was a rattle-like musical instrument that was especially important in religious ceremonies.
The ancient Egyptians enjoyed a variety of leisure activities, including games and music. Senet, a board game where pieces moved according to random chance, was particularly popular from the earliest times; another similar game was mehen, which had a circular gaming board. Juggling and ball games were popular with children, and wrestling is also documented in a tomb at Beni Hasan. The wealthy members of ancient Egyptian society enjoyed hunting and boating as well.

Roman civilisation(Elyse Neoh)

 The Romans had a large civilisatoion.The reason their civilisation was large is because they conquered the whole of Europe from the British isles to Greece.The Romans took the knowledge from other civilisations and used it for their own civilisation.The Romans had the best technology at that time.The Romans occupied a large area and had educated people.We also have a lot of things that the Romans had then in their civilisation.They had good road networks around the Roman world.Their civilisation was indeed a great and interesting civilisation.

Mestopotanian civilisation(Valerie and Gloria)

God and Goddesses
Tiamat
Ashur
Humbaba
Enki
Geshtinanna
Gibil
Gula

Huwawa
Ishkur
Kulla
Lotan
Pazuzu
Sherida
Utu
Zaka
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Fashion
Women: skirts and shawls
Men:  loin skirts and shawls

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Games

The Royal Tombs of Ur

Roman Empire

[Governemnt]

Emeror: The Emperor had two type of power called "tribunicians power" and the "proconsular powers". The tribunicians power allow the Emperor to have the authority over the Rome's civil government, including the power to preside over and to control the Senate. The proconsular powers gave the Emperor to have the authority over the Roman Army

Senate: The senates have full force of the law, the senates was largely a rubber stamp institution which had been at the Emperor's mercy

Senatorial order : The senatorial were expected to follow the Cursus Honorum , a career leader. A senator most basic requirements was to have 12,000 gold which weight around 10kg

Equestrian order : The requirement and posts reserved for this class are not prestigious. Some of the posts were forbidden to the Senatorial order and only available to the Equestrian

Done by : Bin Sheng

Greek Civilisation (Sze Ying, Wai Teng & Adrian)

  Ancient Greek clothings were mostly homemade. Women and Men wore two main garments-a tunic and a cloak.

  The people ate bread dipped in wine during breakfast. For lunch, they ate bread dipped in wine along with some olives, figs, cheese or dried fish. Supper was eaten near sunset, which was the main meal of the day.It consisted of vegetables, fruit, fish, and honey cakes.

  Athena was the goddess of wisdom, skill and war.She was the daughter of Zeus and Metis.

  Some of the weapons used in Ancient Greek are Ballista, Shield, Spear, Catapult and Dagger/Sword.

 Ancient Greek has many cultures, you can visit the website www.google.com.sg for more information.

greek civilasation (xinhui)

Greek civilisation
Greeks don't eat meat unless it had been sacrificed by the gods or hunted in the wild.
they believed that it is wrong to kill and eat a tame without sacrificing it to the gods.
Greeks tend to think of Dionysus whenever they drink wine, and think of demeter and Persephone whenever they eat bread.even with vegetables,the Greeks will also think that some food are cleaner than others.

greek civilisation(wanxuan)

The Greek education

Education

Children in most of ancient Greece started their education at the age of seven.In sparta,boys were given military traning from ages seven to twenty to prepare them for servive in the army.Girls were also required to train physically.They believe strong women produced strong babies.  

(Jun Wuen) Roman Civilisation

 History
Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by twin brothers descended from the Trojan prince Aeneas. Romulus and Remus were the grandsons of the Latin King, Numitor of Alba Longa. The King was ejected from his throne by his cruel brother Amulius while Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, gave birth.

  The new king feared that Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, so they were to be drowned. A female wolf saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor.

Clothing 
 The most basic garment in Roman clothing was the tunic. It was the standard dress of Rome. For most Romans and slaves the tunic would be the entire clothing they dressed in before setting foot outdoors.
The toga was allowed to be worn only by free Roman citizens. Foreigners, or even exiled citizens, could not appear in public wearing a toga. In the early days, the toga was worn directly on the naked body, then later a simple tunic was added, tied at the waist with a belt.The basic female garment was the stola. It was essentially a long tunic reaching to the ground. If could have long or short sleeves, or be entirely sleeveless.
Art
Roman art includes the visual arts produced in Ancient Rome, and in the territories of the Roman empire. Major forms of Roman art are architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin-die and gem engraving, ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and miniature book illustrations are sometimes considered in modern terms to be minor forms of Roman art.

ROMAN CIVILISATION (Jia hui & Grace)

Ancient Roman Civilisation was one of the largest empires in the ancient world. According to one legend, Roman was found on April 21, 753BC by twin brothers descended from the Trojan Prince Aeneas.
Family
The basic units of Roman society were households and families. In the upper classes, slaves and servants were also part of the household. The head of the household had great power .He could force marriage ,divorce, sell his children into slavery, claim his dependents' property as his own, and even had the right to punish or kill family members.(father)
Education
In the early Republic, there were no public schools, so boys were taught by their parents to read and write or by educated slaves called paedagogi. Being at age 12, students went to secondary schools, where teachers taught them about the Greek and Roman literature. Pupils went to school everyday except religious festivals and market days.
Military
The early Roman army was tactically limited and it stance during this period was essentially defensive.
Cuisine
The poor eat fish, salt, vegetables and olive oil. Usually,no breakfast was eaten and leftovers was eaten for lunch.

egyptian civilisation(Ken)

The Egyptian not only build paramids but also temples,obelisks(a system of mathematics),irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques,the first known ship,including glass technology, they made new forms of literature, Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, they art went to all over the world as it is famous. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries.

China civilization(Shean Shing)

     Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is to be said as the Cradle of Chinese Civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700 BC – ca. 1046 BC). Oracle bones with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been radiocarbon dated to as early as 1500 BC. The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC-256 BC).

The Zhou Dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC. The ability of the Zhou to control its regional lords lessened, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period. In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control vast territories.

The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by Inner Asian peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and cultural assimilation, are part of the modern culture of China.

The Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) emerged in 206 BC, with its founder Liu Bang proclaimed emperor in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China. Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences.  This enabled the first opening of trading connections between China and the West, along the Silk Road.  The first of several Roman embassies to China is recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea route in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284.

Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han Dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of Xi'an. This new era would be termed the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han power declined again amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184, ushering in an era of warlords. In the ensuing turmoil, three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms. This time period has been greatly romanticized in works such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus.  When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Manchu then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper.

greek civilisation (by shafreen and jie xi)

Greek Civilisation

                                                                                                                                       

Greece was one of the world's richest country.

Education

For most of Greek history,education was  private, except in Sparta. Only wealthy families could afford a teacher. Boys learned how to read,write, quote and play musical instruments. They were also trained to become athletes for the Olympics and military service.

Religion and Mythology

The gods are Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes , Hephaetus, Aphrodite, Athene, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, Hades, Hebe, Helios, Dionysus, Persephone, Heracles, Kronos and Rhea.

Art

The Greek gave huge influence on the culture of many countries from the ancient times. The Greek were also good in the areas of sculpture and painting. They had a talent of combining other countries art with their own.

Ancient Greece was a wonderful civilisation. 

Chinese civilisation(Melissa Ong and Chen Jei Min)

Chinese Civilisation(the beginning of chinese calendar)

The beginnings of Chinese calendar can be traced back to the 14th century B.C.E .Legend said that the Emperor Huangdi made the calendar in 2637B.C.E. It is based on exact astronomical observations of the longitude of the sun and the phases of the moon showing that the Chinese astronomers of the time were quite capable of carrying out intricate and detailed observation and calculations.

Solar Eclipse.

Observing Solar Eclipses, was , for example, a major element of predicting the future health and success of the emporer, and astrologers were left with the onerous task of trying to anticipate when these events might occur.

Studies

The dual studies in astronomy and mathematics would cause in some of the most remarkable inventions , including the astronomical clock by the astronomer Su Song over nine hundred years ago. 

Civilisations

Lim You Jie



Romans,

The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus.


Mayan,

The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Pre-Classic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD), according to the Mesoamerican chronology, many Maya cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.


Greek,
 
Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization.


Egypt,

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline.

Ancient Aztec Civilisation (Agnes)

Introduction


The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous civilization who built beautiful and sophisticated cities. At their peak, the Aztec civilization had about 15 million people who lived in nearly 500 communities. The Aztecs were culturally developed in music, arts, crafts, and the sciences. Music played an important role in Aztec religious rituals for worshiping their many gods. About 300,000 people lived in Tenochtitlan, their capitol. In this famous city, the government controlled and was responsible for punishment, agriculture, and all aspects of the civilization’s economy.


The 4 classes of the Aztec

• Nobles (highest in power)
• Commoners (the majority of population, were mostly farmers)
• Serfs (worked land for the nobles)
• Slaves (consisted of those captured and indebted who couldn’t pay)

Government positions were normally inherited, from father to son, but people could be awarded if they show loyalty to the emperor.

The Aztec Religion and Life

The Aztec religion included human sacrifices in rich ceremonies to the gods. Dress was also important in all parts of Aztec life. The Aztecs worshiped hundreds of gods and goddesses; each represented a different aspect of life. Designing clothes, mainly in the upper class, was one form of art in the Aztec culture. Women usually made the clothing, and they richly decorated them with beads, flowers, and precious metals. Gold was often used and was abundant in the Aztec empire. Ceremonies were very important during the agricultural seasons to ensure good crops as well as for Coronations. During these ceremonies human sacrifices were given to the gods. Many of the sacrifices were war prisoners or children. They felt that human hearts and blood gave the gods strength and appeased them when they were angry. Large temples were built to celebrate the offering of sacrifices. The famous Sunstone Calendar, which was twelve feet in diameter, represented the Aztec universe. It is thought that the hearts of human sacrifices were placed on this stone and presented to the gods. The Aztecs believed in many gods, to whom they paid tribute daily. It is estimated that over a quarter of a million people were sacrificed each year by the Aztecs.

AZTEC Civilization by Benedict and Hong Xiang

The Aztecs is the collective name given to a group of allied but ethnically different city states who lived in central Mexico and controlled much of central America from the 12th century AD until the Spanish invasion of the 15th century. The main political alliance creating the Aztec empire was called the Triple Alliance, including the Mexica of Techilotian the Acolhua of Texcoco, and the Tepaneca of Tlacopan; together they dominated most of Mexico between 1430 and 1521 AD.




The capital city of the Aztecs was at Tenochtitlan-Tlatlelco, what is today Mexico City.At the time of Spanish conquest, the capital was a cosmopolitan city, with different ethnic groups from all over Mexico. The state language was Nahuatl and written documentation was kept on bark cloth manuscripts (most of which were destroyed by the Spanish). A high level of stratification in Tenochtitlan included both nobles and commoners. There were were frequent ritual human sacrifices, part of the military and ritual activities of the Aztec people, although it is possible and perhaps likely that these were exaggerated by the Spanish.

roman empire

The Ancient City of Rome was on the site of the present city of Rome, the capital of Italy.

Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to 40% of the population.

The forum was the main focal point and meeting place of a Roman City. The forum was the site of religious and civic buildings.

Asparagus was a highly prized delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals.

Ancient Rome's biggest Colosseum, The Circus Maximus had seating for 250,000 Romans.


In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home.

The Ancient City of Rome began as a small village around 753 B. C.

Spartacus was an escaped Roman slave who led an army of 90,000 escaped slaves against the might of the Romans. He was eventually defeated and killed in 72 BC.

Gladiators were professional fighters in Ancient Rome.

Rich people buy gladiators and train them to fight if they win,their trainer will buy better weapons and armour for them. SEAN

roman empire

The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean.[5] The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus.




The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, had been weakened and subverted through several civil wars.[nb 2] Several events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC), and the Roman Senate's granting to Octavian the honorific Augustus (4 January 27 BC).[nb 3] Roman expansion began in the days of the Republic, but reached its zenith under Emperor Trajan. At this territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled approximately 6.5 million km²[6] of land surface. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Roman influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and government of nations around the world lasts to this day.



In the late 3rd century AD, Diocletian established the practice of dividing authority between four co-emperors, in order to better secure the vast territory. During the following decades the empire was often divided along an East/West axis. After the death of Theodosius I in 395 it was divided for the last time.[7]



The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 as Romulus Augustus was forced to abdicate by Odoacer.[8] The Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire ended in 1453 with the death of Constantine XI and the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II.[9]

interresting facts about the romans,mayans and babylonians vinod

ROMANS
Julius Caesar, built the Maxims Circus in Rome, it could accommodate around 150,000 people and later it was enlarged to accommodate 100,000 more in total it could accommodate almost 250,000 people.


Vergil, a roman poet, wrote is what taught to be the be the best poem at that time didn't want his poem to be published before his death because he wanted''prolonged happiness''
MAYANS
The ancient tribes, of the Maya Indians, were the first to discover the wonderful enchanting properties of the cocoa bean around the year 600 AD.
they also made hot choclate which they called "choclatl"
BABYLONIANS
the first maps were drawn by babylonians
 
the babylonians used oil as lubricants

Nur Nabilah- My Feelings Of My Exam Results

I am really proud of my exam results as I got a for all subjects. For my English results, I improved from C to A. I would like to thank Miss Jahmunah for teaching me all the simple strategies that I can use to answer for my cloze passage and comprehension open ended.For my Science, I improved from B to A.Thats all for now.Bye!!!

My Fellings Of My Exam Results (Nur Syafiqah)

During CA1 I only have

Grade:
D
A
A*
A*
A

 i am very sad that i have failed one of my subjects. if i even minus 1mark for my science i will get B.

this time round, i ahve all A I improved a lot for my science, english and Higher mother tongue.

THANK YOU TO ALL THE TEACHERS ThAT TEACH ME. I AM VERY HAPPY.ONCE AGAIN THANK YOU!!!!!

Sze Ying

    At first, rainforests cover 14% of the earth's surface, but sadly now rainforest only occupies 6% of the Earth's surface. Rainforests are destroyed because of the value of their land that is perceived as only the value of its timber by short-sighted governments, multi-national logging companies, and land owners. Almost half of the different types of animals, plants and insects are dead.
    Although much damage had been done to the Amazon Rainforest, we can still do our part to save it. We can use lesser papers, preventing trees from being cut down, recycle, reuse and reduce.
   

   

   

  What are the causes of Amazon rainforest destruction?

The causes of Amazon rainforest destruction are very clear.The main causes of total clearance are agriculture and in drier areas,fuelwood collection.The main cause of  the

Amazon forest degradation is logging.Mining,industrial development and large dams also have a serious impact.Now,tourism is becoming a threat to the Amazon rainforest.

How can we help save the Amazon rainforest?

* We can teach others about the importance of the rainforest,so that they will think that rainforest is very important to people and so,will not hurt it

* We can restore damaged ecosystems by planting trees on land where forests have been cut down

           

       

Destruction of Amazon forests!!!!!!!                                      Humans are the main cause of rainforest destruction or deforestation. Humans are cutting down rainforests for many reasons, including:

1. wood for both timber and wood for making fires
2. agriculture for both small and large farms
3.  land for poor farmers who don't have anywhere else to live
4. grazing land for cattle
5. road destruction

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

people are taking wood and using it for paper, toilet paper, furniture, etc..... and it is ruinning the lives of the animals!!!!!!! In other words its being use as a source to provide the human race with everyday needs but we r not thinking about the creatures which we are killingmore and more everyday. If we keep using up the rainforest then the animals will become extinct

 

Wong Wai Teng (Destruction on Amazon Rainforests)

          The Amazon is a region of superlatives. It spans the borders of eight countries and one overseas territory, is the world's largest river basin and the source of one-fifth of all free-flowing fresh water on Earth. Its rain forests are the planet's largest and most luxuriant, and home to - amazingly - one in ten known species on Earth.


          However, the Amazon Rainforest is disappearing at a rapid rate. Every day plants, animals, insects species are last. Even though much damage has already been done there is still time to take action. The Amazon Rainforest can be saved with community involvemant and dedication. In order to save the rainforests, we have to save paper, stop buying a lot of wood items, do not kill animals. We can also plant more trees, tell people to conserve trees, the impacts on the enviroment.


         Last of all, we have to reuse, reduce and recycle! Saving the forests is to save ourselves!

Deforestation and how we should prevent it (brandon)

  Deforestation is the process when forest are cleared for land or material. Deforestation will cause many animals to loose their natural habitat. Deforestation can also cause climate change and global warming. Deforestation is responsible for 20% of the worlds greenhouse gases.

   To prevent global warming, we must prevent deforestation. First, we must reduce the amount of paper we use (give less test papers) , secondly, we must reuse things if able to and lastly, recycle unwanted things like: newspapers, cans, plastic, cardboard.....................................................................................

  We must all play a part on saving the Earth

REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE

Chong EnQing - destructions on Amazon rainforests

The reasons that lead to destructions are because of  farms and ranches.


Most rainforests are cleared by chainsaws, bulldozers and fires for its timber value and then followed by farming and ranching operations.
More than 20 percent of the world oxygen is produced in the Amazon Rainforest. Fewer rainforests means less rain, less oxygen for us to breathe, and an increased threat from global warming.


What we can do to conserve rainforests are that we should save paper so as to reduce cutting down of trees. We should not be creul to the animals living in the rainforests and not to desroy the rainforests and make those animals living in the rainforests extinct. We should all stop the destructions of the rainforests and consere the rainforests for others to enjoy as well!


Do Not be so selfish and destroy the rainforests!!!
Save the rainforests!!!