The climate of the Arctic is characterized broadly by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −40 to 0 °C ,and winter temperatures can drop below −50 °C over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about −10 to +10 °C ,with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 °C in summer.
On the other hand, Alpine climate is the average weather for a region above the tree line. The climate becomes colder at high elevations—this characteristic is described by the lapse rate of air: air tends to get colder as it rises, since it expands. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 °C per km of elevation or altitude. Therefore, moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers towards the pole This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans can drastically modify the climate.
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